eSharp Submission Guidelines
The following is intended as a brief guide to submitting your work to eSharp. These guidelines can also be downloaded as a PDF file here.
All contributors are asked to sign a copyright declaration, which essentially confirms that they retain the rights to their work. The declaration runs as follows:
I hereby assign to eSharp non-exclusive rights to reproduce this article electronically (in full or in part) and to publish this work in any such media current or later developed. As author I retain all rights, including the right to be identified as the author wherever and whenever this article is published, and the right to use all or part of the article and abstracts, with or without revision or modification in compilations or other publications. Any such latter publication shall recognise eSharp as the original publisher.From issue 5, all eSharp publications are following a style guide based on the Harvard system, of which you will find a detailed explanation below. If you plan to submit to us, we would ask you to read the style guide carefully and to make sure that your referencing system conforms to our requirements. All articles should adhere to the word limit (4500-5000 words) and be submitted with a bibliography listing all works cited. In addition to that, we ask you to include a 200-250 word abstract of your argument, and a list of keywords (for meta-tagging).
All submissions will be anonymously considered by at least two peer-reviewers working in relevant areas of research. They will advise the editorial board to accept or reject a submission and supply detailed commentaries to be forwarded to the author. As an e-journal run by and for postgraduates, we have created a professional but friendly environment in which we hope that constructive feedback will be of benefit to all.
eSharp is continually looking to expand its network of peer-reviewers and to attract submissions from all over the world. While based at the University of Glasgow, we encourage students from academic institutions worldwide to submit their work in order to bring together the widest possible range of exciting new research.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
General Submission Guidelines
Font: 12 point Times New Roman
Headings: 14 point Times New Roman. No punctuation marks after headings or subheadings (except question marks).
Author's name, institutional affiliation: in 10 point Times New Roman, below the title, with one line-space in between.
Line-spacing: one and a half, except for quotations, which are single-spaced.
Indentation of the first line of each paragraph (excluding the first line of the text or a new chapter) by 1.25 cm.
Subheadings: 12 point Times New Roman, emboldened.
Footnote handles should be placed after punctuation marks wherever possible, and never immediately before punctuation marks.
Acknowledgements must be given as the first footnote, at the end of the first sentence.
The bibliography should be marked with the heading 'Bibliography'. The bibliography should list only those works that have been referred to or quoted in the text. It is not intended as a further reading list.
All diagrams and tables must be clearly labeled, in a numbered caption below the diagram or table, 10 point Times New Roman.
Use single curly quotation marks. Double quotation marks are only used for quotation marks within another quotation.
We prefer British spelling, but other national standards, applied consistently, are also accepted. For verbs ending in -ize or -ise and their derivatives, we prefer the forms in -ize, (-ization). Some words, however, are always spelled with -ise, including advertise, franchise, exercise, analyse, improvise, supervise and surprise (for a complete list, please consult The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors, ed. R. M. Ritter, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, or follow the conventions adopted for the headwords of Oxford University Press's English dictionaries).
Hyphens and dashes: note that hyphens (-) are different from dashes (—). Hyphens should be used to indicate numerical ranges (12-19), to avoid strange letter combinations (re-examine), and to indicate that two words are read together (well-known). There are also a few special cases, all of which are covered in the MHRA Style Guide (section 2.3). Dashes should be used in other contexts (This argument is acceptable — for now. Elephants are — as I have argued above — grey and noisy).
The Harvard Referencing System
eSharp uses a version of the Harvard system, outlined here. In the Harvard (Author/Date) system, quotations and references in the text are indicated by placing the author's name and the year of publication in brackets at the appropriate point. For example: (Wolff, 1995). The bibliography at the end of the document then lists the references in alphabetical order according to the author's surname.
Footnotes should be kept to a minimum and should only contain references when this would disrupt the flow of the text (see below). Otherwise their use should be consistent and minimal. Endnotes should not be used.
1. Quotations & Citations within the text:
When quoting from another source you must indicate the page-number as well as the author and date. Denote pages by p. (for one page) and pp. (for multiple pages): (Jameson, 1812, p.8; Smith, 1992, pp.47-48).
In the case of encyclopedias or dictionaries, it may be preferable to cite an entry by its headword in the format 'under + italicised headword':
In Old English, mann meant 'person' (Bosworth and Toller 1898, under mann).
1.1 Short quotations:
Short quotations (less than 20 words) are usually part of the text and are enclosed by quotation marks. Unless the entire sentence is a quotation, place final punctuation outside the quotation marks.
It was proposed by Lehman (1987, p.23) that 'the European states should develop a missile-defence system … giving the security needed to grow economically even faster'.
In spite of Wellington's inference that 'it was rotten potatoes that did it', Fisher has argued that the repeal of the Corn Laws owed its success to prevalent ideologies of capitalism (1953, p.78).In the first example, the '...' show that sections of the original text have been left out for the purposes of this particular quotation. If a long section has been omitted, put the dots in square brackets; thus: [...].
1.2 Long quotations:
With longer quotations (more than 20 words) you should leave a line's space above and below the quotation, and indent it from the left by 1.25 cm.. Do not enclose it in quotation marks.
… My arguments are paralleled by Claasen's analysis:Through going beyond the author-hero relationship in the novel and addressing directly the problems of subject-object and more importantly subject-subject relations in social discourse, Bakhtin pointed at the danger of language as a limiting dimension. Discourse becomes on behalf of the ruling powers monologic. (Claasen, 2004, p.10)This interpretation sheds further light on Bakhtin's assessment of Rabelais's work…
1.3 Citations in the text:
The author's surname and the year of publication should be given in one of the forms shown below. Unless doing so creates ambiguity, try to place this information at the end of clauses or sentences.
If the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in brackets:
In her most recent book, Sanderson argued that the early modern nation-state functioned essentially as a small empire (2000).
While McLellan has emphasised Plato's contribution (1987, pp.90-98), Davies (1986) and Edwards (1990, pp.12-14) have looked instead to Aristotle's.If the author's name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and year are given in brackets:
A recent study points out that bread-prices are not necessarily proportional to grain-prices (Miller, 2001).When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year, these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year and within the brackets:
Kristeva (1998a) discussed the subject...
1.3.1 Multiple authors:
If there are two authors, the surnames of both should be given, in the forms 'X and Y', 'X, Y and Z':
Haller and Downing (2002) claimed that...
Archaeological research into of the nineteenth-century Frontier is nascent (Smith, Weston and Winchester 2003, p.2).If there are three authors, quote all three names the first time you cite them in the body of the essay, then abbreviate this by using et al. Give all three names in the reference list at the end. If there are more than three authors use et al. in the text and the reference list.
Johnson et al. (2003) propose that...Should you cite more than one item by a given author, they should be listed chronologically (earliest first); if more than one item has been published during a specific year, each should be assigned a letter (1996a, 1996b).
1.3.2 Multiple volumes and dates:
Where a work is published over several years, give the full range of dates or, if the work is ongoing, the start date followed by a hyphen. Where a work includes more than one volume, give the volume number before the page number in roman numerals:
In German, work is a complex business (see Grimm and Grimm, 1965-, under ARBEIT).
Dwarfs occur in Norse mythology (Grimm, 1875–78, II pp.444-49).
As Foot has argued ... (2000, I p.15).
1.3.3 Items without dates:
Where an item has no date, the date should be given simply as [n.d.]: (Verhulst, [n.d.], p.52).
1.3.4 Multiple references:
Where two or three works are referenced at the same time they are enclosed within the same brackets and separated by a semicolon: (Smith, 1971; Jones 1979, p. 24). Where four or more works are referenced at the same point in the main text this could disrupt the flow of the argument and look irritating. On such occasions only a footnote handle may be inserted instead, leading to a footnote listing the works cited in the normal Harvard style, but without accompanying brackets since the end note is a discrete unit: 1. Smith, 1971; Jones 1979, p. 29; Adam, 1985; Smith and Harris, 1999. All footnotes should end in a full stop.
1.3.5 Additional information:
It is permissible to include extra information within the brackets when necessary. In these cases, we simply require that your article is internally consistent. For example:
Smith argued for tenth-century provenance (cited by Fox, 1978, p.12).
As Aitken showed, Henry V had a terrible taste in footwear (1982, pp.33-37; see further Aitken 1989).
1.3.6 Items of complex, unknown or problematic authorship:
It will at times be necessary to cite items without authors, by authors without surnames, which are anonymous, where it is more appropriate to provide information about the editor, translator or title than about the author(s), and so forth. eSharp is an interdisciplinary journal, and authors must decide on the most appropriate way of handling such circumstances in accordance with their own discipline. What is crucial is that references are unambiguous, readily comprehensible to an interdisciplinary readership, and, as far as possible, consistent. We suggest the following practices.
Whether because of authorial or editorial anonymity, or complexity of authorship, it is possible to cite items under titles (or an appropriate short form of titles), listing them in the bibliography by title accordingly:
In the film Mother of Kings (1982) the times of ...
The trial of Bessie NcSween was well-attended (Highland Records, 1817-89, p.99)
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (under fish), the word fish derives from Old English.
It may also be appropriate to cite texts under the name of their editor or translator (with corresponding bibliographic entries):
Plato wrote that '...' (trans. Schmidt, 2000, p.28)
According to the anonymous original, the hero is 'grár ok starkr, sem hvalr' (ed. Jansen, 1889-92, III p.109), but whereas the standard translation of this passage reads 'grey and mighty, like a whale' (Jones, 1947, p.14), Halperin and Lawrence's reads 'dark as the Leviathan' (1980, p.92).
In Bernard the Friar's sermon De humilitate, a vernacular verse is quoted (ed. Guilmin, 1797-1804, I p.346).
A similar argument was made by James VI in his treatise A Counterblaste to Tobacco (ed. Craigie, 1982, p.65).
Where an author is cited who does not have a surname (for example some Icelanders, monarchs and medieval authors), we recommend that you give the author's full name as it appears on the title page, with a corresponding bibliographic entry. In some cases, of course, citation by title or editor may also be appropriate: what is important is that your article is clear and internally consistent.
The cod-trade was essential to Copenhagen's prosperity (Gísli Helgason, 1999, p.102).
A Counterblaste to Tobacco contains a similar argument (James VI and I, 1982, p.65).
The description of the lion in lines 500-570 of Yvain (Chrétien de Troyes, 1942, pp.40-41) is particularly impressive.
1.3.7 Acknowledging personal communication:
If you wish to credit a friend, supervisor, colleague, etc. with an idea explored or mentioned in your paper, we suggest the following format. Please use such references as sparingly as possible: wherever a written reference is available, please trace it and use it instead. Please note that these items do not appear in your bibliography, as they are untraceable. If possible, supply a date:
Unpublished excavations at Stromness during the summer of 2004 revealed a number of cist burials, suggesting a migrant group of late Roman citizens in the Northern Isles (Iain MacPherson, personal communication, 11 October 2004).
According to Bernard Smythe, the archivist of the Wallenburg collection, this manuscript is reputed to have come into the collection in the nineteenth century (personal communication, 10 May 2005), which is consistent with my arguments above.
1.3.8 Referencing unpublished manuscripts, maps, and archival material:
The full reference to a manuscript will appear in the bibliography. Make sure that the reader will find your reference in the source you are quoting from, by supplying folio numbers. If a volume has not been paginated or foliated, you should count the folios to give a reference, or, if appropriate, provide some other precise reference. Please use superscript 'v' for verso, and 'r' for recto.
A small note in the margin of a draft poem runs as follows: 'face fairer then that which earthe conteins and heavens embrace / and in her beutyie beutyies self surpass' (Hawthornden Ms XI, f.23v).
The Gough map of the British Isles (Bodleian Library, Ms Gough Gen. Top. 16-8E) reveals much about early cartography.
Keats wrote to Shelley on 18 April, claiming that 'beauty is truth, truth beauty' (British Library, Ms Keats 1324, box 10, folder 5).
2. Bibliographies
The general outline for references to monographs in eSharp is the following. Not all the information specified will apply to all texts, in which case it is of course to be omitted. Please note the use of punctuation and italics:
Author's last name, author's initial(s), year of publication. Name of the Book. Editor, translator, series, series number(s), information about the edition used, number of volumes. Place of publication: publisher.The general outline for references to articles in books in eSharp is:
Author's last name, author's initial(s), year of publication. 'Title of Article', in editor's initials followed by surname (ed.), Name of the Book, translator, series, series number(s), information about the edition used, number of volumes. Place of publication: publisher, pp.X-Y.The general outline for references to journal articles in eSharp is:
Author's last name, author's initial(s), year of publication. 'Title of the Article', Journal Title, volume number(issue number), pp.X-Y.Please give information as far as possible in the form in which it appears on the book's title page, and not in the form on the cover or spine.
All major words (generally nouns, adjectives and verbs) in English-language book- and article-titles should have initial capitals, as should the first letter following a colon (thus Fishing: A Concise Guide, not Fishing: a concise guide). For languages other than English, please follow consistent conventions appropriate to those languages.
If you are unsure of information regarding date of publication, place of publication or the publisher, it must be indicated by either a question mark in square brackets [?] after the given information or the appropriate abbreviation: [n.d.] no date, [n.a.] no author or [anon.] for anonymous, [n.p.] no place, [n.k.] not known.
Commas should never appear immediately before brackets.
2.1 Books and Monographs
Please note the following general points:
Authors' names: we accept two conventions for authors' names: please use whichever is applicable to your discipline, applying your chosen convention consistently. Either reproduce authors' names precisely as they appear on the title page of the work in question; or reduce all authors' forenames to initials. In either case, put the surname first for the name by which the work is alphabeticised, but for all subsequent names put initials first (thus 'Maxwell, T. and B. F. Baker').
Dates: where a work is published over a span of years, give the full range or, if publication is ongoing, the start year followed by a hyphen.
Series names: if a book is published in a numbered series, then include the name of the series and its number (in Arabic numberals). If a book is published in an unnumbered series, give the series name only if it is likely to be important in assisting those pursuing the reference.
Places of publication: in the case of multiple places of publication for a single publisher, give only the first. If a work is published in two places simultaneously with different publishers, give both. In the case of US places, give the postal abbreviation of the state's name (see
Edition: the edition of the book should be stated if it is not the first, or if a first edition is being knowingly used despite the existence of a subsequent edition, in the format '1st edn', '2nd edn', 'rev. edn', etc. If an edition has been revised by someone other than the author, it should still be cited under the author's name, but the name of the reviser should be included after the statement of the edition used: '2nd edn rev. by G. W. Webster'.
Volumes: the number of volumes should be stated, in arabic numerals, in the form '2 vols'.
Publishers: when a publisher's name is simply a personal name, the surname only need be given.
2.1.1 Monograph author(s):
Aaron, R., 1998. Social Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Adorno, T.W. and Horkheimer, M., 2003. Dialektik der Aufklärung. Philosophische Fragmente. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer.
Chambers, R., 1861. Domestic Annals of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution, 2 vols. Edinburgh: Chambers.
Clark Hall, J. R., 1960. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 4th rev. edn by H. D. Meritt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Conrad, J., 1995. Heart of Darkness, ed. D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 1995.
Fuentes, C., 1986. Aura, ed. by P. Standish, Durham Modern Language Series: Hispanic Texts, 1. Durham: University of Durham.
Görlach, M., 1974. The Textual Tradition of the South English Legendary, Leeds Texts and Monographs, new series, 6 (Leeds: University of Leeds, School of English).
Grimm, J., 1875-78. Deutsche Mythologie, 4th edn, 3 vols. Berlin: Meyer.
2.1.2 Editor, compiler, chairman as author:
Mansfield, H. C. (ed.), 1975. Congress Against Itself. New York: Praeger.2.1.3 An article in a book:
Higham, N. 2002. 'The Anglo-Saxon/British Interface: History and Ideology', in M. Filppula, J. Klemola and H. Pitkäinen (eds), The Celtic Roots of English, Studies in Languages, 37. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities, pp.29-46.
If you cite from an article in a book, put the title of the chapter/article in quotation marks, and do not italicise it. Please also give the name(s) of the editor(s) of the book, the title of the book (in italics); series name, edition and number of volumes if applicable; and the place of publication, including the publisher.
2.1.4 Collected works:
Dickinson, E., 1985. Selected Letters, ed. T.H. Johnson, 2nd edn., Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
The name of the editor of the collected works is treated as in the case of a chapter in a book. The title of the work is italicised but put into single quotation marks.
2.1.5 Reprints:
When a work has been reprinted by its original publisher with no alteration or revision, it is not necessary to note that it has been reprinted. If the work has been altered or revised, it should be cited as a new work just as though it were a new edition:
Burke, P., 1994. Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, rev. repr. Aldershot: Scolar Press.In the case of a facsimile reprint by a different publisher, the form is:
Hogdahlen, W., 1923. Fishing: A Concise Guide. Gothenburg: Johnson, repr. Stockholm: Persson (1964).In cases like this it is essential that the reference in the body of the text clearly states to which edition it refers. Although the text may be cited as (Hogdahlen 1923), your use of the later edition is indicated by its inclusion in the bibliography.
2.1.6 Authors without surnames:
Philip IV of France, 1889. Les Lettres du Roi Philipe IVème, trans. and ed. by. M. Henin, 4th rev. edn., Paris: Traverse.Please give the name of the author as it appears on the title page; anglicise the author's name if appropriate (thus 'Philip IV of France', but 'Michel Foucault', not 'Michael Foucault').
As discussed in 1.3.6, it may in some contexts be more appropriate to cite such works by the name of the editor or translator.
2.1.7 Publications without a date, a place, a publisher
See further section 2.0 above.
Stevens, F., [n.d.]. The Aesthetics of Polish Romanticism, London: Methuen.
2.2 Electronic Books, Monographs and Databases
When working with electronic books and similar resources, it is essential to give in the bibliography the full URL of a webpage (including 'http://', for example). Cite as far as possible according to the conventions for printed works, then give the URL and, in brackets, the date at which the resource was accessed, in the form shown below. When giving the URL, copy the address correctly in a single line, not hyphenating if the address spreads over two or three lines of your document.
2.2.1 Electronic Book:
Kramer, H. and J. Sprenger, 1486. The Malleus Maleficarum, based on the 1928 edn. by M. Summers and including the introduction of the 1949 edn., transcribed by W. Lovelace and C. Rice, http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mmtoc.html (11 April 2005).
2.2.2 A chapter in an electronic book
Bowler, P.J., 1999. 'Evolutionary Ideas: The Eclipse of Darwinism', in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, http://www.els.net (25 June 2002).
2.3 Journals
2.3.1 An article in a journal:
Bonnell, A. G., 2002. 'Did They Read Marx? Marx Reception and Social Democratic Party Members in Imperial Germany, 1890-1914', Australian Journal of Politics and History, 48(1), pp.4-15.Where a journal produces more than one individually numbered volume per year, it may be appropriate to include additional information supplied by the journal, in parentheses after the year:
Hall, A., 2001 (Winter). 'Gwyr y Gogledd? Some Icelandic Analogues to Branwen Ferch Lyr', Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 42, pp.27-50.
2.3.2 A corporate author:
The Graduate School of Propaganda Studies / Cape Town, 1997. 'Stalinist Realism and Film Production', Blok, 2, pp.242-4.
2.3.3 No author given:
[Anon.], 1981. 'Coffee Drinking and Cancer of the Pancreas' (Editorial), British Medical Journal, 283, p.628.
2.3.4 Electronic Journals
As far as possible, electronic journals are treated the same way as print journals. However, please do not forget to give the full URL and the date of your last access to the page.
An article in an electronic version of a print journal:
Bonnell, A. G., 2002. 'Did They Read Marx? Marx Reception and Social Democratic Party Members in Imperial Germany, 1890-1914', Australian Journal of Politics and History, 48(1), 4-15. http://swets2.nesli.ac.uk/link/access_db?issn=0004-9522 (08 July 2002).Here the URL does not refer to an online journal's website, but to another provider's server. The precise URL is, therefore, given in full.
An article in an electronic journal:Leith, M., 2004 (autumn). 'Elite and Mass Conceptions of the Scottish Nation in 1997', eSharp: Electronic Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts Review for Postgraduates, 3. http://www.sharp.arts.gla.ac.uk/ (03 March 2005).Here the URL is that of the journal's own website, and the full URL is not required.
2.4 Unpublished documents
Unpublished documents, such as many master's or doctoral theses, are treated in the bibliography like articles, or conference papers. Thus do not italicise the title but enclose it with quotation marks.
2.4.1 Unpublished thesis, dissertation:
Smith, P., 1996. 'A Psychoanalysis of Communism'. Unpublished master's thesis: University of Chicago.
2.4.2 Unpublished manuscripts, maps, and archival material:
Some manuscripts may be titled (ie. the Ellesmere Ms), or untitled, and simply have a call number or shelfmark relating to the particular library in which they are kept. Please provide as much details as possible, including folio number, record number, box, folder, etc. We suggest the following order: library, and place if not apparent (ie. 'Bodleian Library, Oxford', but 'Edinburgh University Library'); manuscript name (if known) and number of volumes (if relevant); and finally the call number or shelfmark. If you use a facsimile or other reproduction, this must be indicated.
Bodleian Library, Oxford. 'The Gough Map of the British Isles', Ms Gough Gen. Top.16-8E. Reproduced in Chaucer, Geoffrey, 1986. The Canterbury Tales, trans. by N. Coghill. London: Guild Publishing.
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. Adv. 19.3.6.
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. 'Hawthornden Mss', 15 vols. Mss 2050-2065.
British Library, London. 'John Keats to Shelley' (letter, 18 April 1805). Ms Keats 1324, box 10, folder 5.
2.5 Newspapers
Blair, T., 1999. 'I Was Wrong: PM's U-Turn on Junior Doctors' Pay and Conditions', The Times; 15 Aug: pp.1-2.
2.6 Conferences
Conference proceedings are generally treated like a book. Each paper is treated like an article in a book of articles.
2.6.1 Conference Proceedings:
Bengtsson, S. and B. G. Solheim, 1992. 'Enforcement of Data Protection, Privacy and Security in Medical Informatics'. in: K. C. Lun et al (eds), MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; Sep 6-10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.1561-5.
2.6.2 Conference Paper:
Roth, J. N., 1999. 'Animal Rights in Communist China', unpublished conference paper given at First International Conference for Animal Rights; 02 August 1999; Berlin.
2.7 Posters, Advertisements, and Historical Broadsheets
Posters and advertisements often have an unknown publisher. Thus it is best to refer to the place where the poster or advertisement was found (archive, monograph, magazine, etc.). Also this kind of source often lacks a clearly distinguishable author or title. Thus use part of the slogan, or the name of the product as an initial reference.
Women are often portrayed as weak (Jil Sander advertisement, 1999).
Jil Sander Advertisement, 1999. Sports Illustrated, July 1999, p.24.
2.8 Web Sites
MSU-Bozeman Libraries. Evaluating Information Sources. http://www.lib.montana.edu/about/libguide/guide7.html (08 July 2002).Establishing the title of a website is necessarily ad hoc. It may be appropriate to use the title which appears in the page's 'title' tag instead of that which appears on the homepage. Aim to give whatever title will be most useful and informative to the reader.
2.9 Films, Videos
Normally when referring to film and video material you should use the title of the film as reference in preference to the director's name. This also applies to the bibliography, where the common structure includes:
Title of the Film, year of release. Dir. by Initial. Author's last name. [medium of recording] distribution company / studio.
Höllentour. Die Tour der Helden, 2004. Dir. by P. Danquart, Universal Pictures.
Gastrointestinal Tract: Physical Examination for Medical Students, 1995. [Video]. Leicester: Leicester University Audio Visual Services.
Citizen Kane: Including the Documentary Reflections on Citizen Kane, 1941. Dir. by. O. Welles. [DVD] United Artists, 1996.
2.9.1 Online Film/Trailer:
Online trailers often do not name the director or give a title. Thus it is most useful to refer to the distributor and the URL.
Ambush, 2002. [Film]. BMW: North America. http://www.bmwfilms.com/site_layout/film_synopsis.asp?FilmID=1 (10 August 2002).
2.9.2 Episode of a TV Series:
Remembrance of the Daleks: Part 1, Doctor Who, 1988. [TV], BBC2, 5th October.
2.9.3 Individual Item within a TV Programme:
Thatcher, M., 1986. Interview. In: Six O'Clock News. [TV], BBC1, 29 January.
2.9.4 Music Recordings:
For music recordings, please refer to the artist (whether it is an individual, such as Michael Jackson, or a band, such as Tea Party), the year of recording, then give the title of the song. [the medium] and the producer / record company.
Audioslave, 2002: Like a Stone. [CD] Epic SMI.
2.10 Lectures (Oral Presentations):
Oral presentations are treated like articles or conference papers.
Conrad, S., 2003 (17 July). 'The Political Theory of the Frankfurt School', Seminar Presentation at the University of Goettingen.
2.11 Bulletin Boards, Newsgroups and Discussion Lists
2.11.1 Bulletin Boards/Discussion Forums:
Slade, R., 2002 (10 July). Lovat Scouts in Boer War. In: Scottish Military History Discussion Forum. http://www.network54.com/Hide/ Forum/message?forumid=6243& messageid=1026260131 (10 July 2002).
2.11.2 Newsgroups:
Schwittay, B., 2002 (13th June). Effects of Low Temperature on the Heart. In: cardiors/bionet.biology.cardiovascular. http://www.bio.net/hypermail/cardiors/cardiors.200206/0003.html (10 July 2002).
2.11.3 Discussion Lists/Email Lists
Dixon, C., 2002 (1st July). BASA: Researching the History of Black and Asian Peoples in the U K. In: Lis-Link@JISCmail.ac.uk. http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0207&L=lis-link&T=0&F=&S=&P=1528 (13 January 2003).
3. Conventions of prose style, punctuation, etc.
eSharp's copy-editors base their handling of certain matters of punctuation, formatting and style on the MHRA Style Guide (Sections 1-8). Should you wish to consult it, the guide is available as a free pdf download at http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/download.shtml.
PLEASE NOTE THAT WE DO NOT USE THE MHRA REFERENCING SYSTEM!
If you have any queries about our referencing system, please do not hesitate to contact us at sharp@arts.gla.ac.uk.